Hydrobromic Acid Solution: A Strong Acid with Broad Industrial and Laboratory Utility
Hydrobromic acid (HBr aqueous solution) is a powerful, highly reactive mineral acid commonly used in chemical synthesis, industrial manufacturing, and laboratory research. Known for its strength and versatility, hydrobromic acid plays a key role in forming bromide compounds and driving reactions that require a strong proton donor.
What is Hydrobromic Acid?
Hydrobromic acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide gas (HBr). When HBr is dissolved in water, it fully dissociates into hydrogen (H⁺) and bromide (Br⁻) ions, making it a strong acid—similar in strength to hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
Key Properties:
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Chemical Formula: HBr (aq)
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Molar Mass: 80.91 g/mol
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Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid
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Boiling Point: ~124°C (48% solution)
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Odor: Sharp, pungent, and irritating
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pKa: Approximately –9 (very strong acid)
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Density: ~1.49 g/mL (48% solution)
How It's Made
Hydrobromic acid is typically produced by:
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Absorbing hydrogen bromide gas in water
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Reacting bromides (like KBr or NaBr) with sulfuric acid
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Catalytic reaction of hydrogen and bromine gases:
H₂ + Br₂ → 2 HBr (gas) → HBr (aq)
Common Applications
1. Synthesis of Bromide Salts
Hydrobromic acid is used to make metal bromides, such as:
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Sodium bromide (NaBr)
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Potassium bromide (KBr)
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Calcium bromide (CaBr₂)
These compounds are useful in photography, medicine, and flame retardants.
2. Organic Chemistry
HBr is a vital reagent in:
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Cleaving ethers
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Hydrobromination of alkenes and alkynes
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Synthesizing organobromine compounds, used in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals
3. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Hydrobromic acid is used in making active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and sedative bromide salts, particularly in older medications.
4. Industrial and Laboratory Uses
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Catalyst in reactions
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pH adjustment agent
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Used in chemical analysis and metal surface treatment
Safety and Handling
Hydrobromic acid is corrosive and hazardous, requiring strict safety measures.
Hazards:
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Corrosive to skin and eyes
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Fumes are toxic and can cause respiratory irritation
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Can cause chemical burns and long-term damage if mishandled
Safety Precautions:
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Always wear PPE: gloves, goggles, face shield, and lab coat
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Work in a fume hood or well-ventilated area
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Store in corrosion-resistant containers away from bases, oxidizers, and metals
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Keep away from incompatible substances like cyanides (which can release toxic gases)
First Aid:
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Skin Contact: Rinse with copious water for 15+ minutes
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Eye Contact: Flush eyes and seek immediate medical attention
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Inhalation: Move to fresh air and get medical help
Environmental and Disposal Concerns
Hydrobromic acid is harmful to aquatic organisms and should never be disposed of down the drain. Neutralize with a base like sodium bicarbonate and dispose of it as hazardous waste in accordance with local regulations.
Final Thoughts
Hydrobromic acid solution is a chemically powerful tool in both the lab and industry. Its ability to act as a strong acid and source of bromide ions makes it invaluable in synthesis and formulation processes. However, its corrosive and hazardous nature demands respect and careful handling.
Whether you’re a chemist, student, or industrial technician, understanding hydrobromic acid’s properties and precautions is essential for safe and effective use.
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